2.
   2024
/  
 
(    )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.            
 
2.         
 ?    ?
-
3.       
  ?       
 
4.            ?
-
2.
5.              
6.                 
-
7.    
  ?    ?        

 ?
8.   '       ?
2.
   2024
/  
 
(    )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.            
 
:1.      
            
   
 
   , ,  ,        
,                  -  
  ,        
   
  ,              
    , , -,      
    '     :
   ,       

 
  -, , , ,  , 
   -    
2.
  -         -  

 :
       
        
             
      ,         

       
      
      ,        
  :
1.      
 ,      ,         


2.     
      
        
3.        
       (  ),       
   (  )
4.     '     
    (  )   , ,  
      
5.     -   
         ,   -
            
2.        
   -  ,        '  
         ,        
   
        
   ,   
    
2.
      ,     
 
                   
  :
     
   
    ,  ,    - 
 
 ,      ,      
3.     : 
          
:
    
     

 :
   
          
   ,    
 
      
 
     :

 
  
4.          
         
     
        
()   
            
   :
2.
   
   
    
     
 '  :
      -     
       
   (   
)
     ,       ,   
   
()   
        '  
   :
  
    
,     
       
:
    
   -   
  -  
             
 
()   
    
 
   :
-,     
2.
        

     
:
     
   
       
                
   
()   
        
 
   :
  
     
    
    
 :
       
      
 -  
    
      
,   
  
(e)   
         
   :
      
  
    
2.
  :
   
   
     
             
5.        
                  -
  
       
, ,         
        '  ,    
 ,      ,  ,      
    
6. :     
 
 
   
 
      
 
  
              
        
7.        
2.
   
 ,         :
   
  
 
 -
 ,            
 
8. 
          
     
          - , , ,
        ,      

  ,     
 
               ,
  ,          
          ,      
              ,  
               
       -    
2.         
 ?    ?
:      
1.   :      ?
      
  ,      ?   ,
   -    
  -  ,   ,
,  ,      
     ,          

 -
   -,           
   
2.
,          ,   
            
2.         
 
()        
         
         -  ,   
 '    
      ,        
 
     ,   -     
 
 ,              
   ,      -  
()   
      
  
         
   '  ,      
     
   ,  ,        
 
                
 
()   
       
    -         
    
 ,  
   
  
  -      ,      
    
#MeToo      
     
 
    
2.
()    
          
         
    '      
  
        
   
,        
(e)     
                 
  ,             
              
 
          ,   
   
(f)      
    ,        
,        
   ,         -  ,   
     
       ,    ,  
      
3.       
  
 ,       
     
        
() 
      
 
        
-   ,       
 '         
        
2.
()    
            
-            
          
       
      
 
()  
    
             
         ,       
              
()  
     
 ,         
    (  )        
           
(e)     
         
,           
           
(f)   
       
  -         
  
       
      
4.   
        -   ,      ,  
    , ,      ,   -
2.
                  -
, ,   ,    
            ,    
                 
  
    ,           

      - ,          
 ,         :     
  -        
-
3.       
  ?       
 
:-
    
;         -    
 ,     -,          
               ,
        ,      ,
,  , ,          
              
  '              

              
   
               
 
   
    ,   '   ,  1,000  ,   
    
 

       :
2.




1,000







Birth Rate =
Number of live births in a year
Total population
× 1000

    :
 = 10,00,000
     = 20,000
:
Birth Rate =
20,000
10,00,000
× 1000 = 20
        1,000   20    
      
 

 

   
    
  
    
   
,    ' 
  
  
  
   
2.
    ,   '   ,  1,000     

 

       :




1,000






Death Rate =
Number of deaths in a year
Total population
× 1000

:
 = 10,00,000
    = 8,000
:
Death Rate =
8,000
10,00,000
× 1000 = 8
        1,000   8  
      
   
   
   
  
    
 
     
    
   
    
      
2.
       
           
  +       
   +     
   +       
          
 
      
        :
  
 
 
  
  
       
 
1.     
     '  
 :
 
   
   
     :
 -
-  -   
     
 ,        :
   
 
 
2.
2.     
      
 :

   
 

        
 
            
 
        
 
 ,      '       
3.     
       1,000     
      
  
  
  
 
         :
 
  
 
4.     
         
 


2.
 
,      
  
   
          
5.      
    :
   
    
    :
    
  
    ( )
    
6.      
             :

1.     -  
2.      -  
3.       -  
4.       -  
2.
     
 :


  
 -
7.     
        :
       
  
       
    
       

              
    
  ,     
         ,  
       , ,  , ,
            

    ,            
    ,      
    
             
4.            ?
:         
1.   :  
  
        ,      
   ,  '   
 ,      
2.
         ,      ,  
    
 ,             
-   ,   ,  ,   
            

;
   ,           
2.      
        
     ,         
  ,        
 ,        
 ,            ,
            
3.   
  "   "   
  '            
 
        ,    
    ,   -   
      
  ,   -  
         
      ,   19
      
               
4.    
   -  
 -  -   
         
       
 
 ,  ,     -     
  ,       ,      
         '     ,   , 
    
2.
5.    
  -        
  ,      
 
 ,         
-            
    
 ,          -  
          
6.     
      
  , ,  -    -   
       
  - - ,    -     
          -   
  
 ,        
 
7.   
   ,      
    ,        
-  ( , - )     
  
 
        ,    , 
        
8.         
,     
        
     :
 :  ,     '     
    
 :   ,          
  
   :   ,  ,      
   
2.
   :           ,
     
 : -   ,     
        
9.   
       
 -        ,
  :
 '     
   
   
  
    
   ,     - , ,       
 ,         ,      
             
  
         ,   , 
           :  
   
,  
    
 - 
   
-
5.              
:-
     ,  ,     
               
             
       (  ) , ,   
              - ,
          
       ..    
   ,             
2.
           ,  
-    
 ,  , , ,    
  '        
  
   
   
    , , -
,     ,       
      
,        
   
    ,       :
 
   
     
  -   ,   
 ,     -    
;    
   
     
             
        , ,   - 
            
     
    ,   -       
 '   
           
      
      (1757-1947)      
        :
   
   -
      
2.
   
      -
          ,  
   
     
1.  
                :
 
 
 ,       
         ,      '
 
2.     
   -          
   :
  
 
  
- -       
3.   
         '   
  :
 
  
-
2.
   ,         '    
4.    
       '     :
  
  
 
-      
5.     
   :
  
 
  
           ,    
  
      
1.     
       :
     
   
   
     
       ,     
2.  
2.
        :
    
-    
   -  
     ,          
3.  
      :
  
  
 
         
4.     
          :

 
  
              
5.   
        :

 
    
        
2.
  
     ,       



    '
    '
-
 
     
       
               
:      
 
 
 
  
, ,   
   
(












-




)
   
    
  -      
     
     
     
      ,          
   
2.
 -  
    
 
  
   
          
 
                  
        ,        
         
;      
 ,     

             
   ,  ,      -  
         ,   
    
 
             
   ,
             
  ,           
       
6.                 
:        
1.   :     ?
           ,  ,
         ,      
 , ,    
     
2.
 ,  1991         '   , 
        ,    ,  
      
 -  ,   
     
2.        
     ,         

()   (1991  )
 1991           ,   LPG
- ,     -       
  ,        ,   

          
()  
1990  2000             
          
      ,       
()  -
   ,  ,      
   ,   -  , ,  -    
 - -      ,    
()    
    (WTO)       
  '  
       ,      
  
(e)    
 ,         
 
#MeToo            
 , -,    
2.
3.    
    
       
 -     
   
()    
 -       -  ,  
    
 ,   ,      
           ,    
()   
        
       ,     
          
   
   -  ,  ,  
 -    
()  
      -   
      ,       
       ,      

()  
       ,    
   
       ,   '     
     
        
(e)    
     -        
  
    ,         
           
(f)  
     ,      
2.
       
-  ,       
(g)   
       -   

           ,  
    
 ,           , 
  
    
4.        
    ,    :
 :     -    

 :    ,     
 :       
   :         

 :        
5.   
             ,  
  ,          
       ,   ,  
  
      -           
 
    
  
     
 -       , 
  -,          :  
      ,   ,     

2.
-
7.    
  ?    ?        

 ?
: :    ,     
-
               
   '      ,            
             -     -  ,
               
;  
 ,   ,        
     ,    ,       
 
 ,  ,   -     
1.    
   ?
         
       
          ,    
     
       ,       :
-
- 
  
   
        
      ,  ,           
2.    
       
   :
2.
()  
   :
,  ,  
     
      
           
()      
   :
, , 
    
    
    
  -      
()  
   :
  
    
      
          ,      
   
()  
   :
    
   
, ,            
      
 
2.
(e)   
   :
  - 
  
 
3.    
   
    , ,   
    
() - 
   - , :
    
           
         
()     
      
     
 " "   
      
()  
     
, ,    
    ' 
2.
            
()     
   -      
     
   
           
(e)    
   
   
       
         
(f)    
   
" "  
    
         
 
(g)       
     
    
   
4.    
     
     
2.
 
    
, ,  
-    
 
 
   
   
 
   
   
   
5.          
    -    -        
  
  " "      ' 
,    , 
      
(a)  14 -   
    
 
   
 
        
()  15 -    
   '     
         
-      
2.
(c)  21 -       
      
        
   21    
           21       
(d)  39(d) –     
   
   
 
(e)  42 -     
     
       
(f)  51A(e) –  
     
  -         
6.   -   '   
     ,      :
      , 2005
o , ,      
o   ,  ,  -   
o          
         
7.   
2.
   :
 
     
           
           
        
 

       -         
 
       ,      
   ,          
  
 , 14, 15  21    
, ,      
               
 ,          
      ,      ,  
                ,
       
8.   '       ?
:  '     
1.   :       
     '       ,    
,  ,          ,  
       -    -  ,  
 - 
-     
           
  ()   
    ()
2.      
2.
()  -   
  ',     ,      
  -        '   
-           
               
()  
           
            
,            

 ,           
()   
       
  ,  ,        


   ,            
    
           
 
(d)    
-,  ,          
          
         ,    
     (  )    
(e)     
, ,           
               
  
               
     
(f)     
2.
              

, ,       '    
        
 ,    
     
(g)   
  ,          
     
,        
 ,                
3.   '   
     
 -  ,      
'  
()   ' 
:     '     ,    ,
,          
  :   , ,      
   :       ,  
  
()    
       
               
   
              
   
             
()     
    ,      
              
 
,   ,       ,   
  
 
2.
()  -     
         
     ,   -    
    
   ,       
 
(e)   
   ,        
            
    
  ,           
(f)     
      '  
 
,  ,              
  
   -       
    
 
(g)    
      
  - ,    

               
  
  ,             
4.   
             -,
 ,             ,  , 
        
        ,    
  - 
                
       ,       
   
  
2.
        
 -     

     :   
         ,
        
"               
 
       ,       
 "